![]() ![]() They were a series of protests undertaken by local farmers and agricultural workers in response to unfair taxation. The Rebecca Riots took place between 18 in West and Mid Wales. In the British and European context, theatrical troupes (" playing companies") were all-male, with the female parts undertaken by boy players.ĭepiction of Welsh labourers dressed in women's clothing within the Rebecca Riots, Illustrated London News 1843 It is clear that in entertainment, literature, art, and religion, different civilizations have utilized cross-dressing for many different purposes. This also allows her to become a sexually liminal being. This allows her to represent the opposite sex and become a cross-sex icon in 75% of the time of the ritual. Firstly, the shaman (typically a woman) would cross-dress as both male and female spirits can occupy her. Here, cross-dressing serves many purposes. Specifically, this is displayed in chaesu-gut, a shamanistic rite gut in which a shaman offers a sacrifice to the spirits to intermediate in the fortunes of the intended humans for the gut. In a non-entertainment context, cross-dressing is also exhibited in Korean shamanism for religious purposes. Thus, in Noh performance, the cross-dressing of actors was common especially given the ease of disguising biological sex with the use of masks and heavy robes. For example, ancient Japanese portraits of aristocrats have no clear differentiation in characteristics between male and female beauty. Societal standards at the time broke boundaries between gender. Cross-dressing was also exhibited in Japanese Noh for similar reasons. He was a thief in the play cross-dressing as a woman. This was especially common in the story-telling of ancient stories such as the character Benten from Benten Kozō. For instance, in examining kabuki culture during Japan's edo period, cross-dressing was not only used for theater purposes but also because current societal trends: cross-dressing and the switching of genders was a familiar concept to the Japanese at the time which allowed them to interchange characters's genders easily and incorporate geisha fashion into men's wear. Cross-dressing can be found in theater and religion, such as kabuki, Noh, and Korean shamanism, as well as in folklore, literature, and music. Examples exist in Greek, Norse, and Hindu mythology. Lady Murasaki's classical novel The Tale of Genji from 1008 demonstrates the transgression between masculine and feminine beauty with characters that have no clear gender differentiability.Ĭross-dressing has been practiced throughout much of recorded history, in many societies, and for many reasons. ![]() The earliest citations for "cross-dress" and "cross-dresser" are 19, respectively. In 1928, Havelock Ellis used the two terms "cross-dressing" and "transvestism" interchangeably. The Oxford English Dictionary gives 1911 as the earliest citation of the term "cross-dressing", by Edward Carpenter: "Cross-dressing must be taken as a general indication of, and a cognate phenomenon to, homosexuality". transvestic fetishism), but the former (cross-dressing) was coined by the transgender community. This term was historically used to diagnose psychiatric disorders (e.g. Its connotations largely changed in the 20th century as its use was more frequently associated with sexual excitement, otherwise known as transvestic disorder. Its first mention originated in Magnus Hirschfeld's Die Transvestiten (The Transvestites) in 1910, originally associating cross-dressing with non-heterosexual behavior or derivations of sexual intent. The terms used to describe it have changed throughout history the Anglo-Saxon-rooted term "cross-dresser" is viewed more favorably than the Latin-origin term " transvestite" in some circles, where it has come to be seen as outdated and derogatory. The phenomenon of cross-dressing is seen throughout recorded history, being referred to as far back as the Hebrew Bible. Cross-dressing is not synonymous with being transgender. The term "cross-dressing" refers to an action or a behavior, without attributing or implying any specific causes or motives for that behavior. Therefore, cross-dressing allows individuals to express themselves by acting beyond guidelines, views, or even laws defining what type of clothing is expected and appropriate for each gender. Īlmost every human society throughout history has had expected norms for each gender relating to style, color, or type of clothing they are expected to wear, and likewise most societies have had a set of guidelines, views or even laws defining what type of clothing is appropriate for each gender. ![]() From as early as pre-modern history, cross-dressing has been practiced in order to disguise, comfort, entertain, and express oneself. Cross-dressing is the act of wearing clothes traditionally or stereotypically associated with a different gender. ![]()
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